- Autotroph – an organism that produces complex organic compounds like carbohydrates, fats and proteins, from simple inorganic molecules using photosynthesis or other chemical reactions. Also referred to as producers.
- Cellulose- a complex carbohydrate that is a major component in the cells walls of plants. Allows the plant to be rigid and provides structural support as well for the plant. The polysaccharide consists of several thousand linked glucose units.
- Gametophyte – the haploid multicellular individual or generation of a plant with alternation of generations that begins with a haploid spore, produces gametes by mitotic division, and ends with fertilization producing a diploid zygote and that constitutes the visibly dominant form in mosses and algae, exists as an independent plant body in ferns and their relatives, and is reduced to a microscopic or rudimentary state in seed plants
- Endosperm – is the tissue produced inside the seeds of most flowering plants around the time of fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition. It mainly provides in the form of starch but it may also contain oils and protein. Essentially is part of the seed that stores the food.
- Chlorophyta – commonly known as green algae. This is the most diverse group of algae, with over 7,000 species. Chlorophyta are a paraphyletic group. They are the sister group to Microthmaniales
- Lignin- complex chemical compound derived from wood. It is an integral part of the cell’s secondary wall of plants and algae. Lignin is found in all vascular plants and is also known as fiber. Lignin is mostly fond between cells but also inside the cells, and the cell walls.
- Short Day Plant - A plant that flowers only after being exposed to light periods shorter than a certain critical length, as in early spring or fall. Chrysanthemums and strawberries are short-day plants. Requires less than 12 hours of sunlight for flowering to occur.
- Long Day Plants- a plant that requires fewer than a certain number of hours of darkness each 24 hours for flowering to occur. These plants require more time in the sunlight in order for flowering to occur than short day plants.
- Xylem – 1 of 2 transport tissues of plants. It functions to transport water throughout the plant as well as some nutrients. Water from the roots is taken and transported to all parts of the plant to rehydrate and most importantly to survive.
- Ovary- Part of the female reproductive system of a flower. Ovaries produce ovules which can be fertilized to become seeds and ultimately flowers later on. It is located above or below or at the point of connection with base of petals.
- Phloem- the second of the transport tissues of plants. It carries organic nutrients such as glucose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark.
- Conifer Leaf- They are cone-bearing seed plants with vascular tissue; all extant conifers are woody plants, the great majority being trees with just a few being shrubs. Typical examples of conifers include cedars, Douglas-firs, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauris, larches, pines, hemlocks, redwoods, spruces, and yews.
- Angiosperm- are seed producing plants. They are most commonly seen as flowering plants. They are the largest plant group. They are fertilized by pollen. Some characteristics include flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds.
- Actin – is a globular protein found in all eukaryotic cells. Actin filaments are dynamic polymers who use ATP to drive their assembly in the cell’s cytoplasm. Actin works together with myosin to aid in muscle contraction in organisms.
- Pollinator- is the biotic agent that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish the process of fertilization. The most common type of pollinator is bees. Pollinators are no restricted to just bee’s however, other insects like butterflies, moths, and wasps also act as pollinators.
- Pollen- is a fine to coarse powder containing the gametophytes of seed plants, which produce the sperm cells. Pollen grains have a hard coat that protects the sperm cells during the process of their movement between the stamens to the pistil of a plant. When pollen lands on a compatible pistil of flowering plants, it germinates and produces a pollen tube that transfers the sperm to the ovule of a receptive ovary.
- Meristem- is the tissue in most plants consisting of meristematic cells, found in zones of the plant where growth can take place. The meristematic cells grow various organs of the plant, and keep the plant growing.
- Pteridophytes- are vascular plants that do not produce flowers or seeds but rather they reproduce through spores. A spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersion and surviving long periods of time in unfavorable conditions.
- Gibberellins- plant hormones that regulate growth and influence many developing processes which include elongation of the stem, germination, dormancy, flowering, and reproduction.
- Cuticle Layer- is a non-cellular protective layer covering the outer cell layer (epidermis) of the green, aerial parts of land plants. Cuticles protect plants against desiccation, UV radiation and various kinds of physical, chemical and biological agents.
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