Stem: The stem is a part of the plant that holds up other structures such as the leaves and flowers. This is important as the leaves need to be held up to the sun to get its light for photosynthesis and the flowers need to be held up to be available for pollination. Stems also carry water and minerals up from the roots to the leaves to help with photosynthesis and take food back down to be stored and distributed to the plant as it has need. Stems can be of several sorts, herbaceous and woody. The herbaceous stems are green and fairly bendable. The woody stems as their name implies, are covered by bark.
Thorn:A modified branch in the form of a sharp, woody spine. Thorns represent the modification of an axillary shoot system in which the leaves are reduced and die quickly and the stems are heavily sclerified and grow for only a limited time. Thorns appear to protect the plant against herbivores.
Deciduous Leaf:The leaves found on trees that lose all of them once a year; Leaves are expensive organs for a tree to build and maintain. It is thus difficult for the tree to keep its leaves turgid and the cells of the tissues in the leaves would become damaged by the cold in temperate areas, or the heat in warmer areas. Instead of remaining actively growing during this time of the year the tree enters a dormant period.
Fruit (fleshy, with seed):All fruits have seeds, and is able to be eaten in the raw state, fleshy inside. This is important because when eaten they release the seeds so more plants can be produced.
Pollen:A fine to coarse powder containing the microgametophyte of seed plants, which produce the male gametes. Pollen grains have a hard coat that protects the sperm cells during the process of their movement between the stamens to the pistil of flowering plants or from the male cone to the female cone of coniferous plants.
Long day plants:A plant requires fewer than a certain number of hours of darkness in each 24-hour period to induce flowering. These plants typically flower in the Northern Hemisphere during late spring or early summer as days are getting longer. In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year is on or about June 21st . After that date, days grow shorter until December 21st. In turn, this ability allows the plants to healthily continue producing and benefiting the environment.
Cuticle layer of plants:A layer of wax and cutin that covers the outermost surfaces of a plant. The cuticle is secreted by the epidermis and helps prevent water loss and infection by parasites.
Conifer leaf:They are cone bearing seed plants with vascular tissue; all extant conifers are woody plants, the great majority being trees with just a few being shrubs. The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs help them shed snow. Many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing, called "hardening".
Angiosperm:They are seed producing plants like gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphics. These characteristics include flowers, endosperms within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds.
Autotrophs:Is an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. It synthesizes its own organic substances from inorganic compounds. Some of these include sugars, lipids, amino acids and ammonia. There are two types of autotrophs: Photosynthetic and Chemosynthetic. Photosynthetic autotrophs use light to obtain energy while chemosynthetic organisms use compounds like hydrogen sulfide to obtain energy.
Ethylene:A plant hormone that differs from other plant hormones in being a gas. It has the molecular structure of H2C=CH2. As they approach maturity, many fruits (e.g., apples, oranges, avocados) release ethylene. Ethylene then promotes the ripening of the fruit.
Phloem:The living tissue that carries organic nutrients, in particular, glucose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark.
Abscisc Acid:Also known as Dormin is hormone found in plants which is crucial in the plant growth. During times of environment stress such as decreased soil water content or winter time, plants will produce this hormone in various parts of the plant to allow for abscission to occur in ways of handling the environmental stress. During times of winter this hormone will be produced in the terminal buds slowing down plant growth in certain parts but promoting growth of scales on the leaf primordia to protect dormant leaf buds.
Pteridophyte:Any plant of the division Pteridophyta, reproducing by spores and having vascular tissue, roots, stems, and leaves. They produce neither seeds nor flowers: they reproduce only through spores. Some examples of these types of plants include ferns, mosses, horsetails, and quillwort.
Gametophyte- The plant body, in species showing alternation of generations, that produces the gametes. It produces male of female gametes through a process of cell division called mitosis; the fusion of male and female gametes produces a diploid zygote; the product of the fusion of two haploid gametes contains two sets of chromosomes; the mature sporophyte produces spores by a process called meiosis since the choromosome pairs are separated again to form single sets; the spores are therefore once again haploid and develop into a haploid gametophyte.
Sporophyte:Organisms undergoing alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation. A sporophyte produces spores by meiosis. In flowering plants, the sporophyte comprises of the whole multi-cellular body except the pollen and the embryo sac.
Pollinator:Biotic agents that move pollen of male anthers of a flower to another flower with matured eggs in the stigma, allowing plant fertilization to occur. For plants these agents like bees are extremely important as they move from flower to flower pollenating various flowers with various pollen grains contain vast genetic information increasing the plant groups gene pool as new generations arise with varying morphs and genotypes.
Xylem:A primary constituent in the vascular tissue that is responsible for the transport of water and some nutrients. A major example wood. The major importance about the xylem is that being hallow it allows passive movement of water from the roots to stem and the leafs through the capillary action movement of water, moving upwards by excited water molecules which forming a chain of water molecules, which eventually will be brought to the mesophyll cells where it'll eventually will exit through the stomatas.
Cellulose:The main component of cell walls in plants. The cell wall consists of many layers of cellulose, which are split into primary and secondary layers. Cellulose is an organic compound, so carbon is one of the elements that make it up. It is very common and is a polymer of glucose. It makes up approximately 33% of all vegetable matter.
Meristem – A plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, which allows for indeterminate growth. This part conducts cell division and cell growth. Apical Meristems found at the tips of stems and roots increase the length of these sections. Stems and roots may also grow in thickness or in diameter through cell divisions in lateral, or secondary. Some meristematic tissues include cork cambium, and intercalary Meristem. The apical Meristem also gives rise to organs like the leaves and flowers while the root apical Meristem dive rapidly and are considered to be indeterminate. Meristems are found in stem cells in animals.
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Stem: The stem is a part of the plant that holds up other structures such as the leaves and flowers. This is important as the leaves need to be held up to the sun to get its light for photosynthesis and the flowers need to be held up to be available for pollination. Stems also carry water and minerals up from the roots to the leaves to help with photosynthesis and take food back down to be stored and distributed to the plant as it has need. Stems can be of several sorts, herbaceous and woody. The herbaceous stems are green and fairly bendable. The woody stems as their name implies, are covered by bark.
Thorn: A modified branch in the form of a sharp, woody spine. Thorns represent the modification of an axillary shoot system in which the leaves are reduced and die quickly and the stems are heavily sclerified and grow for only a limited time. Thorns appear to protect the plant against herbivores.
Deciduous Leaf: The leaves found on trees that lose all of them once a year; Leaves are expensive organs for a tree to build and maintain. It is thus difficult for the tree to keep its leaves turgid and the cells of the tissues in the leaves would become damaged by the cold in temperate areas, or the heat in warmer areas. Instead of remaining actively growing during this time of the year the tree enters a dormant period.
Fruit (fleshy, with seed): All fruits have seeds, and is able to be eaten in the raw state, fleshy inside. This is important because when eaten they release the seeds so more plants can be produced.
Pollen: A fine to coarse powder containing the microgametophyte of seed plants, which produce the male gametes. Pollen grains have a hard coat that protects the sperm cells during the process of their movement between the stamens to the pistil of flowering plants or from the male cone to the female cone of coniferous plants.
Long day plants: A plant requires fewer than a certain number of hours of darkness in each 24-hour period to induce flowering. These plants typically flower in the Northern Hemisphere during late spring or early summer as days are getting longer. In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year is on or about June 21st . After that date, days grow shorter until December 21st. In turn, this ability allows the plants to healthily continue producing and benefiting the environment.
Cuticle layer of plants: A layer of wax and cutin that covers the outermost surfaces of a plant. The cuticle is secreted by the epidermis and helps prevent water loss and infection by parasites.
Conifer leaf: They are cone bearing seed plants with vascular tissue; all extant conifers are woody plants, the great majority being trees with just a few being shrubs. The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs help them shed snow. Many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing, called "hardening".
Angiosperm: They are seed producing plants like gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphics. These characteristics include flowers, endosperms within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds.Autotrophs: Is an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. It synthesizes its own organic substances from inorganic compounds. Some of these include sugars, lipids, amino acids and ammonia. There are two types of autotrophs: Photosynthetic and Chemosynthetic. Photosynthetic autotrophs use light to obtain energy while chemosynthetic organisms use compounds like hydrogen sulfide to obtain energy.
Ethylene: A plant hormone that differs from other plant hormones in being a gas. It has the molecular structure of H2C=CH2. As they approach maturity, many fruits (e.g., apples, oranges, avocados) release ethylene. Ethylene then promotes the ripening of the fruit.
Phloem: The living tissue that carries organic nutrients, in particular, glucose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark.
Abscisc Acid: Also known as Dormin is hormone found in plants which is crucial in the plant growth. During times of environment stress such as decreased soil water content or winter time, plants will produce this hormone in various parts of the plant to allow for abscission to occur in ways of handling the environmental stress. During times of winter this hormone will be produced in the terminal buds slowing down plant growth in certain parts but promoting growth of scales on the leaf primordia to protect dormant leaf buds.
Pteridophyte: Any plant of the division Pteridophyta, reproducing by spores and having vascular tissue, roots, stems, and leaves. They produce neither seeds nor flowers: they reproduce only through spores. Some examples of these types of plants include ferns, mosses, horsetails, and quillwort.
Gametophyte- The plant body, in species showing alternation of generations, that produces the gametes. It produces male of female gametes through a process of cell division called mitosis; the fusion of male and female gametes produces a diploid zygote; the product of the fusion of two haploid gametes contains two sets of chromosomes; the mature sporophyte produces spores by a process called meiosis since the choromosome pairs are separated again to form single sets; the spores are therefore once again haploid and develop into a haploid gametophyte.
Sporophyte: Organisms undergoing alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation. A sporophyte produces spores by meiosis. In flowering plants, the sporophyte comprises of the whole multi-cellular body except the pollen and the embryo sac.
Pollinator: Biotic agents that move pollen of male anthers of a flower to another flower with matured eggs in the stigma, allowing plant fertilization to occur. For plants these agents like bees are extremely important as they move from flower to flower pollenating various flowers with various pollen grains contain vast genetic information increasing the plant groups gene pool as new generations arise with varying morphs and genotypes.
Xylem: A primary constituent in the vascular tissue that is responsible for the transport of water and some nutrients. A major example wood. The major importance about the xylem is that being hallow it allows passive movement of water from the roots to stem and the leafs through the capillary action movement of water, moving upwards by excited water molecules which forming a chain of water molecules, which eventually will be brought to the mesophyll cells where it'll eventually will exit through the stomatas.
Cellulose:The main component of cell walls in plants. The cell wall consists of many layers of cellulose, which are split into primary and secondary layers. Cellulose is an organic compound, so carbon is one of the elements that make it up. It is very common and is a polymer of glucose. It makes up approximately 33% of all vegetable matter.
Meristem – A plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, which allows for indeterminate growth. This part conducts cell division and cell growth. Apical Meristems found at the tips of stems and roots increase the length of these sections. Stems and roots may also grow in thickness or in diameter through cell divisions in lateral, or secondary. Some meristematic tissues include cork cambium, and intercalary Meristem. The apical Meristem also gives rise to organs like the leaves and flowers while the root apical Meristem dive rapidly and are considered to be indeterminate. Meristems are found in stem cells in animals.