Definitions: Actin-A globular protein that links into chains, two which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. In plants it is mojar driver for cytoplasmic streaming or the delivery of nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell by use of actin filaments as a guideway for transport. Abscisic Acid- Also known as Dormin is hormone found in plants which is crucial in the plant growth. During times of environment stress such as decreased soil water content or winter time, plants will produce this hormone in various parts of the plant to allow for abscission to occur in ways of handling the environmental stress. During times of winter this hormone will be produced in the terminal buds slowing down plant growth in certain parts but promoting growth of scales on the leaf primordia to protect dormant leaf buds. Cellulose- A polysaccharide, in a linear form consisting of several thousand linked Beta Glucose sugars. It is the primary material in cell wall composition, occurring in a layered array which acts as a form of structural support for the plant cells and for the plant as a whole and also facilitates the movement of foreign materials from entering the cells. Endosperm- Common in flowering plants in a process called double fertilization, when pollen grains meet up with the ovary and form sperm nuclei, one of which meets up with a egg nucleus and makes a zygote and another will meet up with two polar nuclei and join with them to form the endosperm. It serves as a nutrient source for the embryo in the form of starch, lipids, proteins, and other material. Ethylene- A plant hormone that will induce leaf abscission and fruit ripening, as well as opening of flowers. It a double carbon molecule that is also used in industrial forms, but for plants in a major form induces growth of root hairs which increase the ability for the roots of the plant to take in water from the surrounding soil. Lignin- A complex polymer, the chief noncarbohydrate constituent of wood, that binds to cellulose fibers and hardens and strengthens the cell walls of plants. Meristem- The portion of plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells, marked as possible and likely regions of growth in the plant by cell division which give rise to plant organs or can increase the size of the plant.Primary growth occurs in the apical meristems located at the tips of stems and roots. Secondary growth occurs in the lateral meristems, which explained by the name increase a plants width and are located to the sides of stems and roots. Phloem- A second constituent in a plants vascular tissue that is responsible for the transport of food such at glucose, vitamins and other nutrients necessary for the plant to function. Without this portion of the vascular tissue the plant would have no way of transporting the nutrients and other materials collected from the soil, or even move around the the various sugars to the other none photosynthesizing regions of the plants like the roots. Tendrils- Specialized stems, leafs, or small stalks that attach the leaf to the stem; are thread like in appearance and used by certain plants that can anchor onto structures like large stones or brick walls for structural support, and are still capable of photosynthesis. Xylem- A primary constituent in the vascular tissue that is responsible for the transport of water and some nutrients. A major example wood. The major importance about the xylem is that being hallow it allows passive movement of water from the roots to stem and the leafs through the capillary action movement of water, moving upwards by excited water molecules which forming a chain of water molecules, which eventually will be brought to the mesophyll cells where it'll eventually will exit through the stomatas.
Picture/Definitions: Cuticle layer of leaf- A waxy coat of cutin a wax polymer produced by the epidermal cells in the leaf, occurring in greater amount on the topside of the leaf and less underneath. This coat is plants way of retaining water in warm and generally dry climates. Thorns of a plant- small modified stem projections that spike out the main woody stem of plants. Its purpose is to ward off herbivores that will try to eat the main plant and flowers and fruits. Adaptations of plants- changes developed over time through natural selections that present themselves as structural changes allowing plants to better survive in their natural environment. In this case thorns and serrated leaf edges to ward off herbivores and a cuticle layer to reduce water loss. Conifer leaf- small needle like projections that appear in most conifer trees, or gymnosperms, that cover all the branches but not the trunk, Since they occur in large amounts on trees and thick cuticle covering, they exist year round and giving trees protection from varying weather extremes like harsh winters. Deciduous leaf- a term that describes trees and shrubs that experience seasonal shedding of the leafs. In times during winter, when photosynthesis is nearly impossible for most deciduous plants, they will shed their leafs as a way to conserve energy for the main plant and its roots, by sending hormones to signal abscission process for the leafs. Long day plants- plants that flower with a shorter time range in a 24 hour cycle in darkness. Plants that are long day can be pollenated longer during the day more than most flowing plants and are more likely to be fertilized more often than most plants. Genetically modified organisms- organisms have been genetically altered to achieve a higher grade of a desired distinctive quality such as frost resistance. In genetics, geneticists will look for particular genes that boost the desired qualities and will try to breed many quality level candidates to make better plants that can out last its natural form. Pollinators- biotic agents that move pollen of male anthers of a flower to another flower with matured eggs in the stigma, allowing plant fertilization to occur. For plants these agents like bees are extremely important as they move from flower to flower pollenating various flowers with various pollen grains contain vast genetic information increasing the plant groups gene pool as new generations arise with varying morphs and genotypes. Pollen- a fine course powder like material housing the microgametophytes which produce the sperm. It is important as it is the by which flowering plants reproduce when united with the female eggs housed deep in the stigma. Byrophyte- name decribing plants that lack a true vascular tissues as they lack lignin, reffering to all embryophytes. These plants were of the very few first land plants that would later give rise to most of all current day land plants.
Pictures: Pollinators: Pollen
Genetically Modified Organism: Byrophyte: Long Day Plant: Adaptations of Plant: Cuticle Layer of A Plant: Thorns of A Plant:
Conifer Leaf:
Deciduous leaf:
Actin-A globular protein that links into chains, two which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. In plants it is mojar driver for cytoplasmic streaming or the delivery of nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell by use of actin filaments as a guideway for transport.
Abscisic Acid- Also known as Dormin is hormone found in plants which is crucial in the plant growth. During times of environment stress such as decreased soil water content or winter time, plants will produce this hormone in various parts of the plant to allow for abscission to occur in ways of handling the environmental stress. During times of winter this hormone will be produced in the terminal buds slowing down plant growth in certain parts but promoting growth of scales on the leaf primordia to protect dormant leaf buds.
Cellulose- A polysaccharide, in a linear form consisting of several thousand linked Beta Glucose sugars. It is the primary material in cell wall composition, occurring in a layered array which acts as a form of structural support for the plant cells and for the plant as a whole and also facilitates the movement of foreign materials from entering the cells.
Endosperm- Common in flowering plants in a process called double fertilization, when pollen grains meet up with the ovary and form sperm nuclei, one of which meets up with a egg nucleus and makes a zygote and another will meet up with two polar nuclei and join with them to form the endosperm. It serves as a nutrient source for the embryo in the form of starch, lipids, proteins, and other material.
Ethylene- A plant hormone that will induce leaf abscission and fruit ripening, as well as opening of flowers. It a double carbon molecule that is also used in industrial forms, but for plants in a major form induces growth of root hairs which increase the ability for the roots of the plant to take in water from the surrounding soil.
Lignin- A complex polymer, the chief noncarbohydrate constituent of wood, that binds to cellulose fibers and hardens and strengthens the cell walls of plants.
Meristem- The portion of plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells, marked as possible and likely regions of growth in the plant by cell division which give rise to plant organs or can increase the size of the plant.Primary growth occurs in the apical meristems located at the tips of stems and roots. Secondary growth occurs in the lateral meristems, which explained by the name increase a plants width and are located to the sides of stems and roots.
Phloem- A second constituent in a plants vascular tissue that is responsible for the transport of food such at glucose, vitamins and other nutrients necessary for the plant to function. Without this portion of the vascular tissue the plant would have no way of transporting the nutrients and other materials collected from the soil, or even move around the the various sugars to the other none photosynthesizing regions of the plants like the roots.
Tendrils- Specialized stems, leafs, or small stalks that attach the leaf to the stem; are thread like in appearance and used by certain plants that can anchor onto structures like large stones or brick walls for structural support, and are still capable of photosynthesis.
Xylem- A primary constituent in the vascular tissue that is responsible for the transport of water and some nutrients. A major example wood. The major importance about the xylem is that being hallow it allows passive movement of water from the roots to stem and the leafs through the capillary action movement of water, moving upwards by excited water molecules which forming a chain of water molecules, which eventually will be brought to the mesophyll cells where it'll eventually will exit through the stomatas.
Picture/Definitions:
Cuticle layer of leaf- A waxy coat of cutin a wax polymer produced by the epidermal cells in the leaf, occurring in greater amount on the topside of the leaf and less underneath. This coat is plants way of retaining water in warm and generally dry climates.
Thorns of a plant- small modified stem projections that spike out the main woody stem of plants. Its purpose is to ward off herbivores that will try to eat the main plant and flowers and fruits.
Adaptations of plants- changes developed over time through natural selections that present themselves as structural changes allowing plants to better survive in their natural environment. In this case thorns and serrated leaf edges to ward off herbivores and a cuticle layer to reduce water loss.
Conifer leaf- small needle like projections that appear in most conifer trees, or gymnosperms, that cover all the branches but not the trunk, Since they occur in large amounts on trees and thick cuticle covering, they exist year round and giving trees protection from varying weather extremes like harsh winters.
Deciduous leaf- a term that describes trees and shrubs that experience seasonal shedding of the leafs. In times during winter, when photosynthesis is nearly impossible for most deciduous plants, they will shed their leafs as a way to conserve energy for the main plant and its roots, by sending hormones to signal abscission process for the leafs.
Long day plants- plants that flower with a shorter time range in a 24 hour cycle in darkness. Plants that are long day can be pollenated longer during the day more than most flowing plants and are more likely to be fertilized more often than most plants.
Genetically modified organisms- organisms have been genetically altered to achieve a higher grade of a desired distinctive quality such as frost resistance. In genetics, geneticists will look for particular genes that boost the desired qualities and will try to breed many quality level candidates to make better plants that can out last its natural form.
Pollinators- biotic agents that move pollen of male anthers of a flower to another flower with matured eggs in the stigma, allowing plant fertilization to occur. For plants these agents like bees are extremely important as they move from flower to flower pollenating various flowers with various pollen grains contain vast genetic information increasing the plant groups gene pool as new generations arise with varying morphs and genotypes.
Pollen- a fine course powder like material housing the microgametophytes which produce the sperm. It is important as it is the by which flowering plants reproduce when united with the female eggs housed deep in the stigma.
Byrophyte- name decribing plants that lack a true vascular tissues as they lack lignin, reffering to all embryophytes. These plants were of the very few first land plants that would later give rise to most of all current day land plants.
Pictures:
Pollinators: Pollen
Genetically Modified Organism:
Long Day Plant:
Cuticle Layer of A Plant:
Conifer Leaf:
Deciduous leaf: